What are some of the primary causes of surface water pollution?

Surface water pollution is influenced by a variety of factors, both natural and anthropogenic. Biological organisms, such as bacteria and algae, can contribute to pollution, particularly through processes like algal blooms, which deplete oxygen in the water and harm aquatic life. Inorganic materials, such as heavy metals and nutrients like nitrates and phosphates, often enter surface water through runoff from agricultural lands and urban areas.

Natural factors, such as erosion and sedimentation, can affect water quality, especially after heavy rains or in areas experiencing severe weather events. Human activities are significant contributors to surface water pollution, including industrial discharge, agriculture runoff, urban stormwater runoff, and wastewater release, all of which introduce various contaminants into water bodies. This multifaceted approach recognizes that several elements combine to degrade water quality, making it crucial to consider the range of causes to address and mitigate surface water pollution effectively.